Benefits and Risks of Caffeine-Containing Beverages and Food Products: A Scientific Review

Abstract

The aim of study is to evaluate the comprehensive effects of coffee and caffeine consumption on human health, by reviewing recent scientific studies, and to highlight both the benefits and potential health risks associated with excessive intake.  Methodology: the paper presents a narrative review of recent peer-reviewed studies evaluating the physiological and health effects of coffee and caffeine consumption and explores the comprehensive effects of coffee consumption on human health, with a focus on caffeine's physiological impact. A review of recent scientific studies was conducted to evaluate both the beneficial and adverse health outcomes associated with coffee intake. The analysis highlights coffee's antioxidant properties and its positive effects on metabolism. However, the findingsalso emphasize that excessive caffeine consumption may lead to negative cardiovascular effects, sleep disturbances, and increased risk of gastroesophageal reflux, especially in individuals with pre-existing gastrointestinal conditions. Furthermore, habitual intake of caffeine-rich products including coffee, tea, chocolate, and energy drinks has been associated with a heightened risk of hypertension, arrhythmias, type 2 diabetes, liver disease, obesity, and symptoms of caffeine dependence. Emerging evidence also points to potential psychological consequences, such as reduced cognitive performance, reduced resilience to stress, and impaired tolerance to sleep deprivation. Based on these findings, healthcare providers are encouraged to evaluate patients' caffeine consumption and counsel those with high intake on the possible risks. Conclusion: These insights underscore the importance of moderation in caffeine use and highlight the need for individualized guidance to minimize health complications.