The Relationship Between Bone Health and Nutrition in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Abstract

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive motor disorder resulting from damage to the developing brain, primarily affecting motor functions. It occurs in approximately 2–3 out of every 1,000 live births. Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors can contribute to its development. Children with CP often experience feeding difficulties due to conditions such as dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux, and nausea. These issues can lead to inadequate intake of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals, which in turn negatively affect bone health by increasing the risk of conditions like osteoporosis and fractures. In non-ambulatory children with CP, bones are not subjected to sufficient mechanical loading, which leads to decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Studies have shown that children with quadriplegic CP have significantly decrease BMD, and a positive correlation exists between low BMD and vitamin D deficiency. Nutrition plays a key role in managing CP and supporting optimal bone development. Particular attention should be given to vitamin D and calcium intake, which are essential for bone health. However, nutritional care is often overlooked in this population. Therefore, individualized nutritional therapy should be planned and monitored by both physicians and dietitians to prevent deficiencies and support overall health in children with CP.